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+++《自我提升组》+++————漫谈procrastination[P1填完了,下转P4]

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2010-07-25 00:04:00

相应esprit的号召,来建个有关procrastination的楼,和大家分享下我学习的有关拖延症的原因分析和治疗方法。主要参考书目:

procrastination: why you do it, what to do about it now.

我当初是从图书馆借的书,断断续续就其中的大部分做了读书笔记,有的是用英文写的,我会附上粗略的翻译,以方便大家阅读。下面开始:

为大家节省时间,可以选择阅读英文,或者阅读我粗略翻译的中文,二者选一即可。

根据esprit mm的建议,将英文改成3号字,中文用蓝色,希望能方便大家的阅读。


[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/27 16:11:21编辑过]

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2010-07-25 00:05:00

拖延症原因1:害怕失败

Fear of failure:
Often without realizing it, people who procrastinate are perfectionist. They may be living with a set of assumptions which can be summarized as:   Self-worth=Ability=Performance. They believe how well they accomplish their work determines how good they are as a human being. Hence, to avoid thinking themselves as a "loser", they avoid being judged as "inadequate", "not good enough", etc., and thus they procrastinate. It is procrastination that gives themselves excuses that it's because of "lacking of time" that they didn't do well instead of the lacking of their ability or potential.

人们常常没有意识到自己可能是完美主义者。潜意识中,他们给自己的生活赋予了一项假设公式:自我价值=能力=表现好坏。他们认为他们完成自己“工作”的好坏代表了他们作为一个“人”的好坏。于是,为了避免让自己觉得自己是一个“失败者”,他们不希望自己被认定为“不够好”,于是他们拖延,避免被评价,避免面对挑战。拖延给了他们“时间不够”从而做得不好的借口,从而避免承认他们缺乏能力或者潜力。

Today's Comments:
1. Failure in some tasks doesn't mean that the person him-/herself is a total failure. To be a perfectionist means to have more pressure on oneself.
2. Admit that both the ability and the potential of someone is limited, don't make unrealistic goals.


评论:
1。做事情的失败不等于人本身的完全失败。想要完美就等于赋予自己更多的压力。
2。要承认任何一个人的能力和潜力都是有限的,不要给自己设定不现实的目标。

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/25 22:27:09编辑过]

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2010-07-25 00:05:00

拖延症原因2:害怕成功

Fear of succeeding

You might not notice that you procrastinate, maybe not because of fear of failure but because of success. It's natural that everyone wants to be “good”, but perhaps  you feel not ready to face the world that will come after  you succeed. Hence, you procrastinate to postpone your success, or even to avoid success. Delaying helps hide your ambition because you think there's something wrong to be competitive or aggressive, or lower the expectation from others because you don't want to stand in the spotlight...

“Another method procrastinators use to avoid success is to delay making commitments.” “Procrastinators who fear failure have trouble making commitments because they worry that they will commit to the wrong thing. Those who fear success worry that making a commitment will sweep them into the competitive process and move them toward success before they're ready for it.”

Gender roles can sometimes explain “why we procrastinate” too. For women, they are largely influenced by the traditional idea that their role is to support successful men. Women procrastinate to prevent being so successful so that they won't pay the cost of crossing the sex-role barrier or being “unfeminine”. For men, on the contrary, they procrastinate as they don't need to lose the “feminine” sides of themselves----to play, to enjoy leisure, to be tender, to have doubts and insecurities, to be in need to comfort.

It's also possible that a procrastinator feels that he/she has to choose between "being successful" and "to be loved", without the choice of "both of the above". This person believes that with the coming success, a predictable loss of balance between he/she and his/her lover, friends, family, colleagues is on the horizon. Perhaps what the person dreams does not match with his/her parents' expectation, or the surrounding guys may feel jealous of success, etc. Thus, this person turns to procrastination for "help". Fortunately, notice that there do exist someones who stay close to you whatever you look like, whether you are successful to the traditional view or not. However, if it did happen that such a situation happens, you need to decide whether you can survive without their "love" and "care", and this is usually a question (comment: especially for some traditional Chinese people...).

reference: "Procrastination: Why You Do It, What to Do About it", Jane B. Burka, Lenora M. Yuen

或许你没有意识到作为一个拖延症患者,你并不是因为害怕失败,相反你是因为害怕成功。自然的每个人都想“好”,但或许你并没有准备好面对一旦你成功后将要面对的状况。于是你拖延你的成功,甚至回避成功。推迟使得的你的雄心得以隐藏,因为你觉得让别人认为你雄心勃勃是不好的,或者你想降低他人对你的要求因为你还没有准备好高调地成为公众瞩目的焦点……

“拖延者避免成功的另一种方法便是推迟做出承诺。”“害怕失败的拖延者很难做出承诺因为他们怕他们会对错的东西做出承诺。而害怕成功的拖延者则是因为怕做出承诺会迫使他们进入竞争并面对他们没有准备好的成功。”

有时候性别角色也可以解释“为什么我们拖延”。对女性来说,她们受传统观念的影响认为他们的角色是要支持男人成功。于是女性拖延从而避免逾越性别角色的界限被他人认为“没有女人味”。

某些人还可能面对必须在“成功者”和“受宠者”之间二选其一的境况。他/她认为一旦成功,他/她和爱人、朋友、家人、同事之间的关系便会失衡。或许他/她的梦想和家人的不一样,或许身边的人会嫉妒TA的成功。于是,TA拖延了。幸好我们身边总是有人陪着我们的,无论发生什么事。但,一旦出现需要在他们的爱护和成功中做出选择的时候,问题也便出现了。


Today's Comment:
"Live your own life"----this might be a saying that many of us have heard more than once so far, which is actually a memo very hard to carry out----if you care for whoever surrounding you...Life if not easy, "to do or not to do, that's the question".

评论:
“走自己的路”————也许许多人听过这句话,但如果你在意你周围的人和事,这并不容易实行。生命不易,“做或不做,是个问题”

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/25 22:26:10编辑过]

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fantasiame

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2010-07-25 00:05:00

拖延症原因3;害怕失去自我

Fear of Losing the Battle:
 
Battle? What battle? You wonder. Recall that in "Why we procrastinate?(1)", we mentioned the equation-like assumption believed by perfectionists "Self-worth=Ability=Performance", here we have a similar-but-different equation:

Self-worth = Ability (to be autonomous, defy control) = Performance (on my terms, via procrastination).
 
Got the idea? The battle here is between you and the person(s) you think that dominates you----parents, teachers in school, supervisors at work, government, etc. Whether you permit or not, you may want to have some extent of control on yourself and by yourself, so you may hesitate on fulfilling the tasks given by others. Intrusion, force, dominance, etc. ----they are all a procrastinator can feel in this case, which let him/her call for procrastination to stay away from all those things he/she is reluctant to do, sometimes even the thing he/she liked to do originally but then procrastinate to do later just to show the autonomy on his-/herself.
 
Hating being dominated so much, a procrastinator puts off commitments, to lesson being controled by the outer world. In this way, procrastination also helps to hide the goal so that others from the "unpredicted" world won't hurt him/her.
 
Yet, have you heard of the story of a master swordman? His skill to use the sword is so tremendous that he can simply pull out his sword and flick away the raindrops without getting wet in rainy days, which makes an umbrella a useless rubbish for him. But think, do you really want to use your energy only to protect yourself from the rain? Or perhaps you can't give up enjoying the fun in a rain?...Enlightening? That's it.


“怕输掉这场战役”。什么战役呢?回想一下在 原因1 里提到的那个被完美主义者所信奉的公式“自我价值=能力=表现”,这里我们有个类似但不同的方程:
自我价值=能力(自主,不受操控的能力)=表现(我的通过拖延而达到的自我表现)。
明白了吗?这里的战役是在你和你认为会操纵你的人之间进行的————家长、学校的老师、工作中的上司、政府,等等。不管你承认与否,你都或多或少地希望你能自主地控制自己的人生,所以当你面对别人布置的任务的时候,你或许犹豫了。拖延者们这时感受到了入侵、强迫、控制,等等,这些让他们借用拖延来回避自己不愿去做的事情,有时候甚至是他们本身喜欢去做的事————但他们宁可推迟去做以显示他们对自身的自主权。

正因为他们如此地讨厌被控制,拖延者于是推迟作出承诺,以减少外来的控制影响。同样的,拖延也可以帮助他们把自己的某些目标隐藏以来,于是“不可预测的”外界便不会伤害TA了。

但是,你听说过一个著名的剑客的故事吗?他的剑法已经炉火纯青到使得他在下雨天无需带伞,而只需要快速挥动自己的剑来避雨了。可是你想想,你真的想费尽全身的力气就只是为了避避雨而已吗?又或许你并不想放弃享受雨中的乐趣呢?……是不是有所启发呢?这就对了。

Today's Comment:
Do you want to have the control on yourself, or do you want others control you? It depends, depends on who you are and who the "others" are. It's not easy to always care about and love others around you, it is however equally uneasy sometimes just to enjoy the love and care from the ones around you. Love can be burden, learn how to face it and how to use it.


评论:
你是希望自己控制自己,还是由别人支配你呢?这是视具体情况而定的,取决于你是谁,“其他人”又是谁。在乎并爱护你周围的人,这并不容易,但同样不容易的是享受来自他们的在乎和爱护。爱有时也是负担,我们都要好好的学习如何面对爱,如何去爱人。

ps一个好玩的:刚才在犹豫master swordman怎么翻译的时候,参考了一下google translate,结果出来一个“金庸大师”,呵呵。

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/25 22:24:56编辑过]

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2010-07-25 00:05:00

拖延症原因4:害怕靠得过近

Fear of Attachment: Too Close for Comfort:
 
Some people postpone getting involved with other people because they've witnessed first-hand the kind of trouble that it can bring.
----But why the "second time around" should happen to you?
 
Some people stay away from others, because they are worried about what kind of persons they might turn into under the pressure of close attachements, or what trouble they could unleash on others, they may also wonder how people would react to seeing the uglier sides of themselves.
----But in all likelihood, you are not as hurtful to the well-being of others as you might fear, and there are probably friends and lovers who will always accept you, even at your worst.
 
Some people want closeness so much that they feel frightened or overwhelmed by the intensity of their longing.
1) One of the reasons that these people are so frightened by their longing is that, deep down, they are hoping for the perfect relationship with a mate who will unconditionally accept EVERY facet of their behavior, while they realize such complete and total acceptance is impossible in any human relationship.
2) Another reason is the worry that once the close relationip is established, it would become so important so essential that they could no longer live without it.
3) You may have learned the hard way that it's no use depending upon someone else. Your isolated self-sufficiency may be a survival tactic developed out of necessity, if your own needs for others were discouraged ignored or rejected.
----Procrastination may keep other people at the distance you feel you need, but it can't help you develop a more secure sense of yourself. It can't help you grow.

有的人推迟加入他人因为他们曾经亲眼见过第一手的可能面对的麻烦。(注:例如小时候家庭不幸福的人,可能会推迟婚姻;例如见过别的家里小孩子哭闹麻烦的人,可能会选择丁克……)
————可是为什么你就一定会面对另一种可能呢?(注:这个我斟酌了半天,不知道怎么翻译比较好……)

有的人远离人权,因为他们不确定在亲近关系的影响下他们自己会变成什么样的人,他们将给彼此带来什么样的麻烦,他们同时也担心当别人看到他们不那么美好的一面的时候会有什么样的反应。
————但无论如何,你也没有你所害怕的那样不利于他们的幸福,而或许你有幸遇到————即使是在最坏的情况下————也能接受你的朋友和爱人。

有的人因为太期待亲近而被自己渴望的强度吓到。
1)其中一个原因,在他们内心深处,是因为他们期待着和同伴完美的关系,他们期望同伴能够无条件地接受他们的每一方面,虽然他们认识到如此的完美和全面的接受在任何人际关系中都是不可能的。

2)另一个原因是他们害怕一旦亲密关系建立了,他们便再也无法脱离这段重要关系而生存。
3)也许你曾听说过依赖别人是没有用的。如果从别处获得的需要曾被忽视或拒绝,你的自立则来源于生存需要了。
————拖延或许能将人排斥在你的舒适域之外,但它并不能真正帮你建立自我的安全感。拖延不能帮你成长。

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/25 22:50:17编辑过]

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2010-07-25 00:05:00

中间还有一些,因为看书的时候觉得和自己的情况离得有点远,自己也懒了,就没有记。以下直接来写有关治疗方面的问题。

首先想想自己平时遇到困难的时候自己的心理活动是怎样的,对比一下非拖延者们会对自己说的话:
1)拖延者:现在条件不是很好,我等等,等万事俱备了我再开始工作吧。
    非拖延者:或许现在还不够好,但无论如何我先试试。
2)拖延者:我好累哦,算了,休息吧。
   非拖延者:我好累啊,我就再工作半小时好了,然后就去睡觉。
3)拖延者:马上有个电视剧要开演了,反正这么短的时间我也做不了什么,干脆玩一下吧。
   非拖延者:就快有电视剧了,或许我能赶在开演前多多少少做点啥吧。
4)拖延者:我缺设备耶,还是等设备到了再说吧。
   非拖延者:现在是缺点设备不错,不过我或许能先做点不需要那些设备的事情吧?
5)拖延者:快周末了,我这周肯定也完成不了工作,干脆不做了,休息去了。
   非拖延者:今天周五,太晚了,这周完成不了。但今天至少让我开个头吧。

结论:即使可能不能一下子很快地做好,但先开个头,不要拖延。如果遇到了阻力,思考一下:
1)我究竟是对什么事情感到不舒服?
2)我在怕什么?
3)我是不是遇到了我通常会回避的事情?

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/26 0:04:20编辑过]

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fantasiame

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2010-07-25 00:06:00

处理技巧:

1)只使用对自己来说最合适的方法,(不绕路,不强迫自己用别人的方法);
2)一次只用一种技巧来治疗拖延。一次性使用所有的技巧本身就是个问题;
3)使用记事本来记录自己的拖延行为;
4)慢慢来。过于快速的改变不容易稳定下来,也可能给你带来意料之外的问题;
5)做好倒退的心理准备。你不可能在一天或一周内就结束拖延。给自己一点时间,进步是需要时间的。
6)注意观察阻力——它会告诉你有关你自己的一些什么。(比如你经常栽在什么样的事情上,你害怕什么,在什么样的情况下你会给自己找借口);
7)记住:是你自己的拖延。没有人能强迫你改变,也没有人能替你改变。

怎么做:
1)想想最小的一步步的目标是什么;
2)一小步一小步地来,你就会看到自己的进步,给自己建立成就感,而不是好高骛远然后什么也不做。

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/26 0:12:08编辑过]

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fantasiame

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2010-07-25 00:06:00

接下来就是我在《自我提升组》以前的回帖里提到过的那个“两周计划”,用以观察自己的拖延行为,并尝试改变:

1)选定一个目标:一个,就一个,不要多。一下子做所有的事情并不现实。
2)把你的进步视觉化,比如列表记录。
3)优化你的机会。选择对你有利的时间、地点、和人物。不要在不合适的时间或场合妄想自己能完成不切实际的目标。
4)坚守预先设定的时限。对大多数拖延者来说,一开始以15到30分钟为一个工作周期最好,短了什么也做不了,长了又不容易坚持。确确实实按照你的计划做事情,不需要比计划的做得多,但也不要比计划的做的少——建立对自己的信任和信心。
5)不要等到你喜欢做什么的时候再去做。即使你不是在一个非常理想的状态下,一样可以开始你需要的工作。
6)全程跟进。
    1。观察你自己给出的借口。问问你自己:我现在真的要拖延吗?拖延真的是我现在最想做的事情吗?
    2。每次关注一小步。不要一下子看得太远,以免自己被吓到,相信“一切都会好的”。
    3。克服第一个困难。如果你被第一个困难吓到了,你可能会放弃全盘的计划,小心,不要这样。
    4。在你有了些进步后,给自己一点奖励。提供正面的强化作用,会增加继续进步的可能。做事情之前先确定奖励内容,一旦完成目标马上自我奖赏。
    5。不要完全钉死自己的目标,预留一些弹性空间。即使需要修改自己的目标,也不一定意味着失败。
    6。不一定非要完美的,只是需要完成而已。一味的要求完美,很可能会回到“拖延原因1”的后果。
7)回顾过程。在回顾过程中,用好奇的眼光打量自己,而不是审判或批判式的。回想整个过程中,当面对选择的时候,自己怎么做的;回想当时心中的默念词和最后怎么做出的决定。(可对比前面提到过的“拖延者和非拖延者的对比”)

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/26 0:27:03编辑过]

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fantasiame

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2010-07-25 00:06:00

昨天回来有点晚,没有更新,今天来补课~~

建立正确的时间观念:
时间可以分为“客观时间”和“主观时间”,我们主观上对时间的感知是随着年龄的增长而改变的,相应地我们也要使自己对时间的解读符合社会对自己年龄段的要求。比如,作为一个成年人,不能任自己停留在青少年时代,任时间悄无声息地从身边溜走。于是,我们或许要重建自己对时间的感知能力:
心理上:要知道时间是固定的,可测量的,并且无限的。要避免“明日复明日”,就必须先想明白生命的有限,时间走了不会再来的。
实际操作:利用un-schedule,尽可能最大化地利用没有预先被预约的时间;每完成一小时的预定工作,在表格上做下相应的记录;一周末的时候计算本周用于工作的总小时数;

技巧:
1)练习时间感知。这个是让自己对时间的溜走慢慢有感觉,从而产生紧迫感。
2)学会利用小块的时间。不要总是等待大块时间的来临才开始干活;给自己的目标设立时限;“非全即无”(all-or-nothing)的生活观念对拖延者来说是危险的,学会用小块的时间是你的解药。
3)计划中不要忘了可能突然而来的中断和打扰。想想莫非定律:anything that can go wrong, will go wrong.所以计划要有弹性,完全钉死没有余地的计划会很容易失败,最后加重自己的挫败感。
4)协商。有的事情可以分给别人做的,不要完全自己揽着;可以和别人商量的,不要因为不好意思而降低效率。
5)不要把自己的经历分得太散。如果同时建立过多数量的目标,会导致精力过于分散,最后一事无成。
6)找出你自己的黄金时间。观察一天中自己在什么时间的效率最高,用来完成最重要最需要注意力的工作。
7)享受你的空闲时间。娱乐在生活中也是很重要的。在你的计划中给自己放点空闲时间,不要为此感到内疚或郁闷。玩乐的时间对任何人来说都是同样必要的,无论你对自己的感觉多么的不好,不要剥夺自己适当的放松来当做惩罚。

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/27 15:59:54编辑过]

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fantasiame

只看楼主

2010-07-25 00:06:00

给自己建立一个“支持系统”(supporting system)

1)选择合适的人:对你的工作有帮助而且热心的人(不是说选谁当朋友,而是就对某项工作来说,选择自己的同伴或顾问)
可以交流,做公开的承诺(比如和朋友说自己打算在多久时间完成多少工作,甚至是在网上的帖子里说自己的计划),和朋友一起做计划(可以是找将和你一起工作的同伴,也可以是找一个懂行的朋友帮你参考你的计划),如果你遇到了困难别害羞去求助吧。
2)一起工作:和别人进行平行的对比,给自己一些社交上的奖励(比如完成某项工作,就允许自己和朋友出去走走、看看电影、吃饭,等等)

[此贴子已经被作者于2010/7/27 16:09:27编辑过]

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