From the beginning, views differed as to whether the Boxers were better seen as anti-imperialist, patriotic, and proto-nationalist or as "uncivilized", irrational, and futile opponents of inevitable change. The historian Joseph Esherick comments that "confusion about the Boxer Uprising is not simply a matter of popular misconceptions", for "there is no major incident in China's modern history on which the range of professional interpretation is as great".[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherick1987xiv-134][134][/url]

Chinese liberals such as [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Shih]Hu Shi[/url] often condemned the Boxers for their irrationality and barbarity.[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-135][135][/url] Dr. [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen]Sun Yat-sen[/url], the founding father of the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)]Republic of China[/url] and of the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang]Nationalist[/url]Party at first believed that the Boxer Movement was stirred up by the Qing government's rumors, which "caused confusion among the populace", and delivered "scathing criticism" of the Boxers' "anti-foreignism and obscurantism". Sun praised the Boxers for their "spirit of resistance" but called them "bandits". Students shared an ambivalent attitude to the Boxers, stating that while the uprising originated from the "ignorant and stubborn people of the interior areas", their beliefs were "brave and righteous", and could "be transformed into a moving force for independence".[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-Han_20,_21-136][136][/url] After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, nationalist Chinese became more sympathetic to the Boxers. In 1918 Sun praised their fighting spirit and said the Boxers were courageous and fearless, fighting to the death against the Alliance armies, specifically the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yangcun]Battle of Yangcun[/url].[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-137][137][/url]The leader of the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Culture_Movement]New Culture Movement[/url], [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu]Chen Duxiu[/url], forgave the "barbarism of the Boxer... given the crime foreigners committed in China", and contended that it was those "subservient to the foreigners" that truly "deserved our resentment".[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-138][138][/url]

In other countries, views of the Boxers were complex and contentious. [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain]Mark Twain[/url] said that "the Boxer is a patriot. He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success".[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-139][139][/url] The Russian writer [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy]Leo Tolstoy[/url] also praised the Boxers. He accused Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany of being chiefly responsible for the lootings, rapes, murders and the "Christian brutality" of the Russians and other western troops.[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-140][140][/url] The Russian revolutionary [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin]Vladimir Lenin[/url] mocked the Russian government's claim that it was protecting [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_civilization]Christian civilization[/url]: "Poor Imperial Government! So Christianly unselfish, and yet so unjustly maligned! Several years ago it unselfishly seized Port Arthur, and now it is unselfishly seizing Manchuria; it has unselfishly flooded the frontier provinces of China with hordes of contractors, engineers, and officers, who, by their conduct, have roused to indignation even the Chinese, known for their docility."[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-141][141][/url]The Indian Bengali Hindu [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore]Rabindranath Tagore[/url] attacked the European colonialists.[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-Bickers2007-142][142][/url] A number of Indian soldiers in the British Indian Army agreed that the Boxers were right and the British stole from the Temple of Heaven a bell, which was given back to China by the Indian military in 1994.[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-143][143][/url]

Even some American churchmen spoke out in support of the Boxers. The evangelist Rev. Dr. [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Pentecost]George F. Pentecost[/url]said that the Boxer uprising was a "patriotic movement to expel the 'foreign devils' — just that — the foreign devils". Suppose, he said, the great nations of Europe were to “put their fleets together, came over here, seize Portland, move on down to Boston, then New York, then Philadelphia, and so on down the Atlantic Coast and around the Gulf of Galveston? Suppose they took possession of these port cities, drove our people into the hinterland, built great warehouses and factories, brought in a body of dissolute agents, and calmly notified our people that henceforward they would manage the commerce of the country? Would we not have a Boxer movement to drive those foreign European Christian devils out of our country?[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-144][144][/url]

The Russian newspaper Amurskii Kraicriticized the killing of innocent civilians, charging that "restraint" "civilization" and "culture" instead of "racial hatred" and "destruction" would have been more becoming of a "civilized Christian nation". The paper asked "What shall we tell civilized people? We shall have to say to them: 'Do not consider us as brothers anymore. We are mean and terrible people; we have killed those who hid at our place, who sought our protection'".[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-LensenCh%CA%BBen1982-145][145][/url]

The events also left a longer impact. The historian Robert Bickers found that for the British in China the Boxer rising served as the "equivalent of the Indian 'mutiny'" and came to represent the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Peril]Yellow Peril[/url]. Later events, he adds, such as the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Expedition]Chinese Nationalist Revolution[/url] of the 1920s and even the activities of the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)]Red Guards[/url] of the 1960s, were perceived as being in the shadow of the Boxers.[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-146][146][/url]

In [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan]Taiwan[/url] and [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong]Hong Kong[/url], history textbooks often present the Boxer as irrational. But in the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China]People's Republic of China[/url], government textbooks described the Boxer movement as an anti-imperialist, patriotic peasant movement whose failure was due to the lack of leadership from the modern working class, and described the international army as an invading force. In recent decades, however, large-scale projects of village interviews and explorations of archival sources have led historians in China to take a more nuanced view. Some non-Chinese scholars, such as Joseph Esherick, have seen the movement as anti-imperialist; while others hold that the concept "nationalistic" is anachronistic because the Chinese nation had not been formed and the Boxers were more concerned with regional issues. Paul Cohen's recent study includes a survey of "the Boxers as myth", showing how their memory was used in changing ways in 20th-century China from the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Culture_Movement]New Culture Movement[/url] to the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution]Cultural Revolution[/url].[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-147][147][/url]

In recent years the Boxer question has been debated in the People's Republic of China. In 1998, the critical scholar Wang Yi argued that the Boxers had features in common with the extremism of the [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution]Cultural Revolution[/url]. Both events had the external goal of "liquidating all harmful pests" and the domestic goal of "eliminating bad elements of all descriptions" and this relation was rooted in "cultural obscurantism". Wang explained to his readers the changes in attitudes towards the Boxers from the condemnation of the May Fourth Movement to the approval expressed by [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong]Mao Zedong[/url] during the Cultural Revolution.[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-148][148][/url] In 2006 [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Weishi]Yuan Weishi[/url], a professor of philosophy at [url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshan_University]Zhongshan University[/url] in Guangzhou, wrote that the Boxers by their "criminal actions brought unspeakable suffering to the nation and its people! These are all facts that everybody knows, and it is a national shame that the Chinese people cannot forget".[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-149][149][/url] Yuan charged that history text books had been lacking in neutrality in presenting the Boxer Uprising as a "magnificent feat of patriotism", and not presenting the view that the majority of the Boxer rebels were violent.[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-150][150][/url] In response, some labeled Yuan Weishi a "traitor" ([url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanjian]Hanjian[/url]).[url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion#cite_note-151][151][/url]

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